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Common Household
Pests
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below for information |
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| Earwigs |
Earwigs
are dark reddish-brown, with lighter
brown legs. They average about 3/4 inch
and are easily recognizable by their
pinchers at the end of their abdomen.
They will not harm humans and do not
bite. They are primarily nocturnal, with
some species attracted to lights. They
are considered scavengers, eating almost
anything, but some are predatory and some
also eat live plants. They infest
structures and wander throughout hiding
in cracks and crevices and are seen
around doors and carpet edges. Most often
the populations will build up rather
quickly and are often a major problem
where there is a lot of construction like
in new subdivisions. Earwigs live in
habitats with centipedes, sow bugs, and
millipedes. They like mulch beds, pine
straw, firewood piles, compost areas etc. TOP
of Page |
| Spiders |
The
black widow spider is
present across the entire United States.
This spider is found outdoors in all
kinds of protected cavities. Around
houses, it lives in privies, garages,
cellars, furniture, ventilators, rain
spouts, gas and electric meters and in
many other undisturbed places. Widow
spiders also are seen in vegetable
gardens. Like most spiders, the black
widow is shy and retiring. People are
bitten when they accidentally disturb a
hidden spider or its rather coarse,
irregular, tangled web. Females are
usually jet black. The lower side of
their rounded abdomen is marked by two
reddish triangles resembling a hourglass
in shape. In some individuals the
markings may be irregular, spot-like or
even absent. The black widow's overall
length averages about 1 1/2 inches. It
has eight eyes in two rows, which is a
common pattern in many spiders. Gravid
females lay their eggs singly in a
loosely woven cup of silk. The oval egg
sacs are about 1/2 inch long. They hold
from 25 to 900 or more eggs, which
undergo an incubation period of about 20
days. The spiderling's usually stay near
the egg sac for a few days after they
emerge. Cannibalism is prevalent during
this time. Eventually the surviving
spiderling's disperse by means of small
silk threads. When they are about
one-third grown they establish themselves
in some protected place and construct
loosely woven webs. The spiders usually
remain in their webs for the rest of
their lives. As they mature they extend
their webs and capture progressively
larger prey. Males eventually leave their
webs to find females for mating. Females
sometimes eat the males after mating;
this habit gave the widow spiders their
name. A black widow bite feels like a pin
prick and sometimes is not even felt.
Usually, a slight local swelling and two
red spots surrounded by local redness
indicate the location of the bite. Pain
becomes intense in 1 to 3 hours and may
continue for up to 48 hours. Symptoms
include abdominal pains, rise in blood
tremors, loss of muscle tone and
vomiting. The toxin also causes breathing
difficulties and sometimes
unconsciousness. Mortality estimates form
widow spider bites are less than 5
percent. TOP
of Page The
Brown Recluse Spider, inhabits
many southern and Midwestern states, and
it often lives around human dwellings. It
is found in bathrooms, bedrooms and
closets as well as under furniture,
behind baseboards and door facings or in
corners and crevices. It also likes
cluttered cellars and garages and is most
active at night. People are sometimes
bitten while they sleep, when they roll
on a spider in bed. Others may be bitten
by spiders trapped in the folds of
clothing that has hung undisturbed for a
long time. The brown recluse is a non
aggressive spider that spins white or
grayish, nondescript webs. Its body and
legs together cover about the same area
as a quarter or half-dollar, and the body
is only 1/4 to 1/2 inch long. The
coloring of the recluse varies from an
orange-yellow to dark brown or almost
black. The most distinguishing
characteristics are the spider's eyes and
back markings. It has six eyes in three
pairs arranged in a semicircle on the
forepart of the head. This eye pattern is
uncommon in spiders and will help
eliminate many species suspected to be
recluse spiders. The eyes also form the
base of a violin-shaped marking on the
back. The neck of the "violin"
is formed by a distinct, short, median
groove. The effects of a brown recluse
spider bit may be immediate or delayed,
depending upon the amount of venom
injected and the victim's sensitivity.
The bite usually causes a stinging
sensation and then intense pain. within
24 to 36 hours a systemic reaction may
occur, characterized by restlessness,
fever, chills, nausea, weakness and joint
pain. The bite also produces a small
blister surrounded by a large congested
and swollen area. The venom usually kills
the affected tissue, which gradually
sloughs away and exposes underlying
tissues. The edges around the wound
thicken, while the exposed center fills
with dense scar tissue. Healing may take
6 to 8 weeks, leaving scars of various
sizes. TOP
of Page
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| Rats
and Mice |
Rats
and mice are rodent pests found in homes
and warehouses. These rodents eat any
kind of food that people eat. They also
contaminate 10 times as much food as they
eat, with urine, droppings and hair. They
can carry at least 10 different kinds of
diseases including bubonic plague, murine
typhus, spirochetal jaundice,
Leptospirosis, rabies, ratbite fever and
bacterial food poisoning. Many times rats
bite sleeping children while trying to
get bits of food off them that were not
washed off before bedtime. Rats and mice
also start fires by gnawing matches and
electrical wires in homes. The Norway
rat, roof rat and house mouse are the
most persistent rodent populations in
need of management.
- Norway Rats
thrive
particularly in areas where
garbage is not properly stored.
Although Norway rats generally
prefer to eat fresh meat, fish,
and grain, they can survive quite
well on an ounce per day of
garbage or decayed food along
with an ounce of water.
Frequently they range 100-150
feet from harborages in search of
food or water. Norway rats are
burrowers and often dig in
rubbish and under buildings or
concrete slabs. Burrowing can
cause damage by undermining the
foundations of buildings, eroding
banks of levees, disfiguring
landscape plantings, and blocking
sewer lines. This rat is
reddish-brown and heavy-set with
a blunt muzzle. Its tail is about
as long as the combined head and
body. Adults weigh 3/4 to 1
pound. Their droppings are 3/4
inches long and capsule-shaped.
Norway rats live about 1 year and
reach sexual maturity in 3-5
months. They have 8-12 young per
litter and up to 7 litters per
year. TOP of
Page
- Roof Rats thrive in attics,
roof spaces, palm trees and
ornamental shrubbery. They are
climbers and prefer to nest off
the ground. Roof rats are
destructive to citrus groves,
since they live in citrus trees
and gnaw on the fruit. They can
be quite destructive in attics,
gnawing on electrical wires and
rafters. Roof rats generally
prefer vegetables, fruits and
grain, and consume 1/2 to 1 ounce
per day of food from various
sources. Because they must have
water to survive, roof rats also
consume an ounce per day and will
range 100-150 feet from
harborages in search of this and
food. Color ranges from black to
grizzled gray to tan with a light
belly. The tail is longer than
the combined head and body.
Adults weight from 1/2 to 3/4
pound. Their droppings are up to
1/2 inch long and spindle-shaped.
Roof rats live about 1 year and
reach sexual maturity in 3-5
months. They have 6-8 young per
litter and up to 6 litters per
year. TOP of
Page
- House Mice normally live
outdoors in fields, occasionally
migrating into structures. In
houses, they live behind walls
and in cabinets and furniture.
They prefer to feed on grains but
usually nibble at a wide variety
of foods. House mice require only
1/10 ounce of food and 1/20 ounce
of water daily, but can survive
on food alone if it has high
moisture. Frequently house mice
range 10-30 feet from harborages.
House mice are brown to gray in
color with the tail as long as
the body. Adults weigh about 1/2
ounce. Their droppings are 1/8
inch long and rod-shaped. House
mice live about 1 year and reach
sexual maturity in 6 weeks. They
have 5-6 young per litter and up
to 8 litters per year. TOP of
Page
- Rat Behavior:
The
movement of rats and mice is
usually related to food, water or
harborage. Knowing where they are
likely to go is important to
managing them. Rats use any
method to get to food, water or
harborage. Their excellent sense
of balance enables them to run on
pipes, narrow ledges and utility
wires. Rats, especially roof
rats, will climb anything their
claws will hold on to, including
wires, pipes and rough walls.
Because rats are excellent
swimmers, they often live in
sewers and occasionally enter
homes through toilets. Rats like
to use regular paths or runways
along walls or behind debris. To
get food in the open, they will
run behind things to get as close
to the food as possible. They are
afraid of strange objects or
strange food and may avoid both. TOP of
Page
Norway and roof rats are
both aggressive species. The Norways are
usually more aggressive, driving roofs
from the territory. Both species are
seldom found in the same building.
Rats and mice frequently
gnaw on their surroundings. Their teeth
grow 4-1/2 to 5-1/2 inches per year and
only gnawing keeps them short and sharp.
Rats and mice are active
mostly at night. Rats show greatest
activity the first half of the night, if
food is abundant. Mice usually are active
at night both right after dark and
between midnight and dawn. Both rats and
mice will be active during daytime hours
when food is scarce, when there is an
overpopulation of rats, or when a poison
has been used and the population is sick. TOP
of Page
|
| Wood
Boring Beetles |
After
termites, wood-boring beetles are the
most important wood-destroying insects in
homes. The amount of damage that
wood-boring beetles cause depends on many
factors. The type of wood (hardwood or
softwood), the moisture of the wood, and
the environmental conditions at the
infestation site all affect the severity
of beetle damage.
- Lyctid
Powderpost Beetles In the
United States, there are more
than thirty-five kinds of lyctid
beetles. These are considered the
"true" powderpost
beetles. Generally, adult lyctid
beetles are 1/8 to 1/4 inch long.
They are slender and range in
color from reddish-brown to
black. Their heads are obvious
when these insects are viewed
from above. Lyctid beetles infest
only hardwoods, such as oak. They
can live in wood with a wide
moisture range, from a dry 8
percent to a very moist 32
percent. Only the larvae damage
wood. The female lays an average
of twenty to fifty eggs in
crevices or on the ends of
boards. When they hatch, the tiny
larvae bore down into the wood .
As the larvae grow, they bore to
a point just underneath the
surface of the wood, there they
change into adults. After they
change, the adults cut a 1/32- to
n
crevices or on the ends of
boards. When they hatch, the tiny
larvae bore down into the wood .
As the larvae grow, they bore to
a point just underneath the
surface of the wood, there they
change into adults. After they
change, the adults cut a 1/32- to
1/16-inch circular exit hole in
the surface of the wood. Often,
powdery wood dust created by the
beetle's feeding is pushed out as
the adult beetle emerges. This is
why they are called
"powderpost" beetles.
Males and females exit at the
same time and mate, and the new
generation of females lay eggs
again. The entire life cycle for
most lyctid beetles takes 9 to 12
months. TOP of
Page
- Anobiid
Powderpost Beetles There are more
than 200 kinds of anobiid
beetles, of which very few infest
wood. Most anobiid beetles found
in homes, like drugstore beetles,
infest grain products. The few
that do infest wood are also
called powderpost beetles or
deathwatch beetles. The
wood-infesting anobiids range
from 1/8 to 1/4 inch in length.
Their color ranges from reddish
brown to nearly black. The body
segment just behind the head is
hoodlike and completely covers
the head when the insect is
viewed from above. Anobiids can
infest both hardwoods an
softwoods. Only the larvae feed
on wood. They generally prefer
wood in cool locations with
moisture levels above 14 percent.
Anobiids are the most common
beetles infesting crawl spaces
and outbuildings. Female anobiid
beetles usually lay fewer than
fifty eggs under wood splinters,
in cracks, or in old exit holes.
Like lyctid beetles, the small
anobiid larvae bore into the
wood, where they eat and develop.
When the larvae change into
adults, they chew round exit
holes between 1/16 and 1/8 inch
in diameter. The male and female
emerge together and mate, and the
female deposits her eggs. Though
the females fly well and can lay
eggs at new locations, they are
most likely to lay their eggs on
the board from which they
emerged. Most anobiid beetles
take 2 to 3 years to complete
their development. TOP of
Page
- Bostrichid
Powderpost Beetles are sometimes
referred to as "false"
or "large" powderpost
beetles, bamboo borers, or even
lead-cable borers. The adults
range in size from 1/8 to 1/4
inch. Like anobiid beetles, the
segment just behind the head
conceals the head from above. The
heads of most bostrichid beetles
are directed strongly downward.
Generally, bostrichid beetles
cause much less damage in homes
than lyctid or anobiid beetles.
Most bostrichid beetles bore into
freshly cut hardwoods, but a few
will attack softwoods. Unlike
lyctid or anobiid beetles, both
adults and larvae of the
bostrichid beetle damage wood.
Adult females bore "egg
tunnels" into wood to
deposit their eggs. After
hatching, the larvae tunnel into
the wood to feed and grow. Under
most conditions, the larvae
complete their development by the
spring of the year following
egg-laying. Adults cut 3/32- to
9/32-inch, round exit holes when
they emerge. The adults rarely
reinfest the wood from which they
emerge. TOP of
Page
- Old House
Borers The old house
borer belongs to a group called
cerambycid beetles, which are
also known as long-horned
beetles. Most long-horned beetles
are wood borers in the larval
stage, but only the old house
borer is a serious pest in homes.
Adult old house borers range from
5/8 to 1 inch in length. They are
brownish black in color, with
many gray hairs on the head and
forepart of the body. The segment
just behind the head has a shiny
raised bump on each side, giving
it the appearance of a face. Old
house borers infest softwoods,
especially pine. They can be
found in old houses, as their
name suggests, but they are
actually more common in new
homes. The females lay about
fifty eggs in cracks and crevices
in wood. The larvae penetrate the
wood to feed, but they often stay
near the surface. Larvae usually
require 2 to 3 years to develop
in wood with 15 to 25 percent
moisture, but they can take as
long as 15 years to develop in
very dry wood. Usually, larvae
become adults in the spring, but
they may not emerge immediately.
When they do exit, the adults cut
oval holes about 1/4 to 3/8 inch
in diameter. Adults are normally
most active in June and July. TOP of
Page
|
| Ants |
Ants
are social insects that
live in colonies and are some of the most
successful of insects. Ant colonies
include one or more queens, workers,
eggs, larvae and pupae. Ant colonies can
be found outdoors, indoors, in walls,
under wood, slabs and many other places.
The worker ants maintain their developed
structures known as "nests".
Nests protect the ants against their
enemies, against extremes of weather, and
are most often placed close to water and
food sources. Many times ant swarms are
confused with termites. Some Ant's, such
as the Carpenter Ant nest in wood (damp
soft woods) by digging out out a cavity
in wood, known as a nest gallery. Ants
can not eat and digest wood as termites
can because they can't digest cellulose.
Some ant species will eat a a wide
variety of foods, and others limit what
they eat. Food preferences can change,
depending on the specific needs of the
colony. Worker Ant's will forage for food
and bring back back proteins to the queen
or queens during periods of high egg
production, then switch back to sugars or
greases as a maintenance growth or larvae
growth. Once a food source is found, they
will lay down a hormone called a
pheromone to serve as a chemical trail so
that other ants can find their way to and
from the food source to the nest. The
most effective method of controlling
ant's is by baiting. Foraging ants will
take the baits back to there colonies
where it will kill the queen(s).
- CARPENTER
ANTS Are found
throughout the U.S.
- APPEARANCE:
Carpenter ants have
one node and come in many
varieties with different
sizes and colors --- tan,
black, and red.
- HABITS:
Carpenter ants hollow
out dead, moist wood in
trees, firewood, and
fence posts to build
nests but they don't eat
wood. Inside, they build
colonies in wall voids,
foam insulation, eves,
crawl spaces behind
siding, in attic
insulation and many other
places. They forage at
night during summer,
however they often invade
structures in spring and
fall looking for food
sources. Many times
homeowners will find
these ants swarming
inside, especially around
lights and windows. First
you will want to to
locate the colony. This
may be done by inspecting
areas of structures
associated with high
moisture., Or Check areas
like windows and door
frames, sills, tub
enclosure walls, and
around kitchen and bath
plumbing walls. Also
check trees and tree
stumps close to
structures and where
limbs touch structure.
You can often observe
carpenter ants more after
sunset, when there
activity is increased,
particularly in the
spring and summer months.
Follow the foraging
workers to locate the
nest.
- DIET:
They feed on insects
and insect secretions but
also likes sweets and
other foods. TOP
of Page
- ARGENTINE ANT Argentine
ants are found throughout the
southeastern U.S. and in southern
California They nest outdoors
under logs, concrete slabs,
debris and mulch. They build
large colony, can move rapidly
and are aggressive, often
eliminating other types of ants
in the same area. In winter they
move indoors.
- APPEARANCE
The Argentine ant is
a one node, small, shiny,
brown ant with one size
worker, about 1/12 to 1/8
inch long. Queens
are 1/6 to 1/4 inch long.
- HABITS
Argentine ants can
persist in conditions
where other ant species
would not survive. They
like to nest in moist
soil next to buildings or
under them. They can be
found near sidewalks, or
plants. They nest near
water and food sources.
Foraging ants will enter
the house, often when
outside conditions are
extremely dry or wet.
Colonies are quite large,
often containing hundreds
of queens.
- DIET
Argentine ants like
sweet foods such as sugar
foods, syrup, fruit
juices or plant
secretions. They also
feed on fats oils and
protein. They gather food
day and night and may
switch away from bait. TOP
of Page
- PHARAOH ANT The
Pharaoh ant is yellow with a
reddish abdomen, two nodes. They
are extremely small and are very
persistent.
- HABITS
They typically build
nests in wood, wall
voids, and baseboards
etc. Inside they are
usually found in the
kitchen and bathrooms but
workers are seen trailing
along window sills, and
baseboards. Found
throughout the U. S.,
most commonly in southern
states. In northern
states species will nest
in heated buildings.
Pharaoh Ants are a common
hospital pest. They like
fats and oils. TOP
of Page
- FIRE ANTS Fire
ants have different size workers
and two nodes. The red imported
Fire ant, the imported Fire ant
and the Southern mature fire ants
all have painful stings. All
three species of fire ants are
found in southern states. They
usually build mounds outdoors in
sunny areas and are very are very
aggressive. People may be
sensitive to fire ant venom and
their sting can cause reactions
anywhere from an irritation and
nausea or worse. They have been
known to repeatedly attack
animals that may intrude on their
nests. The red imported fire ant
is particularly aggressive. Fire
ant nests in the soil that look
like mounds and are very common
in the Southern States. When
their mounds are disturbed, their
workers will come out of the
ground and sting the intruder
very aggressively. The red
imported fire ant can occupy a
common yard with up to dozens of
mounds, with underground tunnels
connecting. The red imported ant
can have huge colonies with
300-500,000 workers foraging at
distances of 100 yards. Their
usual activity is from the spring
time through the fall months.
During the spring and summer
months, the active mounds will
send out winged swarmer's ants,
whose sole job is start new
colonies. Sometimes the red
imported fire ant will nest
inside during the winter months
under the bathtubs (when on a
slab), or next to hot water
heater. The southern fire ant
will usually nest in loose soil,
but at times they can be found in
woodwork or masonry. Their nest
may be seen as large crevices in
the ground that spread out from
2-4 feet. Their nest can be found
under houses, under boards or
stones, or in cracks in the
concrete.
- APPEARANCE
Fire ants are reddish
to black in color and are
about 1/8 inch long and
have different size
workers.
- DIET
Fire ants like grease
and protein and will also
for food ,such as small
insects dead animals, and
sweet materials such as
plant secretions. Fire
ants will kill insects
and small animals to
feed. TOP
of Page
|
| Pantry
Pests |
PANTRY PESTS Pantry
Pests include, but are not limited to
Rice Weevils, Granary Weevils, Grain
Moths, Grain Bores, Drugstore Beetles,
Tobacco Beetle, Indian Meal Moth,
Confused Flour Beetle to name a few. You
must start by eliminating the source of
infestation. In private residences the
Pantry Pest is usually brought in
products from the grocery stores. You
must check everything sealed or unsealed
including cereals, spices, flour, meal,
dried products, bird seed, pet food and
so on. Check where food has spilled over
and in cracks. Bird Seed is sometimes a
major source. Indian meal moths can take
from 25-135 days for moths egg-egg
development cycle to occur. One moth can
lay 100-400 eggs over 1-18 day period.
Anything in your pantry that is not in a
can needs to be checked well. You will
need to do your best in eliminating all
possible sources. Moths and Beetles go
through metamorphous...from an egg to
larva to pupa, then an adult. The adults
lay their eggs in foodstuff, the eggs
turning into larva. TOP
of Page |
| Fleas |
Fleas
attack pets, man, and warm
blooded animals (hosts) to feed. Fleas
are a parasite and some people are
allergic to flea bites. Most often it it
your pet that is the "hosts"
and they can cause other problems to your
pet, such as skin irritations. Fleas
transmit disease and also tapeworms. As
well they transmit Typhoid fever and
Bubonic plaque ( which is not too common
now days). Fleas usually infest
structures via you pet, via your clothing
as well as rodents and other sources. A
flea can jump 7-8 inches vertically and
14-16 inches horizontally. Flea's can
live without a host for weeks. Many times
people do not know they have an
infestation until the get rid or board a
pet, return home from vacation and etc...
and the attack begins. The most common is
the cat flea even on dogs. Fleas are
attracted to body heat, movement, and
carbon dioxide exhaled.
- APPEARANCE: Fleas
average size is from 1/12-1/6
inch long. They are small with
narrow bodys and have no
wings. Their bodies are covered
with spines that project
backwards.
- DIET: Adults
feed on blood of their
'Host" and the larvae eat
dried blood.
- HABITS AND
BIOLOGY: The female flea lays
a few eggs daily that total up to
300 to 400 in its lifetime. The
eggs are laid on pets or the host
and most drop off where pets
spend most of their time. Pet
bedding, floor crevices,
carpeting and along baseboards
are likely places to find the
eggs. Fleas go through a complete
metamorphosis and the four stages
are the eggs, larvae, pupae, and
adult. These eggs will develop
into flea larvae from 2 days to
several weeks, depending on the
temperature and humidity. Flea
larvae are active and look like
maggots. The larvae will feed on
organic debris, but particularly
like to feed on feces of the
adult fleas. The larva spin a
cocoon (pupae) and depending on
environmental conditions, emerge
as a adult in as little as 5
days. After a "blood
meal" from the host the
adult fleas will mate and lay
eggs. The cycle repeats.
- CONTROLLING
FLEAS: What you do is
critical for a successful flea
control program. There are
important things you need to do
before and after a flea
treatment, as follows.
- BEFORE:
Observe where pets
spend their time indoors
and out. Take your pets
to a vet for treatment or
if preferred treat you
pet your self and do not
let pets back into house
or yard until after they
have been treated. Vacuum
carpets, floors, rugs,
drapes furniture,
mattresses and cushions
and dispose of bag by
sealing in plastic. Wash
or destroy pet bedding.
Vacuum, or clean tile and
wood floors, with special
attention to grooves and
cracks etc... Sweep
porches, steps, and
decks. Cut lawn and
remove debris prior to
spraying. Seal uncovered
food.
- AFTER:
All occupants and
pets should stay off
treated areas until dry.
Vacuum carpets every day
for 10 days and dispose
of bag or as often as
possible. Dont be
alarmed if you see adult
fleas when you vacuume.
These fleas were in the
pupae and egg stages and
are not killed by the
insecticide application.
However there is enough
residual control to last
4 weeks which is enough
time to kill adults as
they emerge and give good
control. Do not allow
flea infested pets into
home and remember to
treat your yard. TOP
of Page
|
| Termites |
Termites
are extremely important in nature. They
recycle fallen trees and other materials
back into soil. We need termites,
however, a termite cannot tell the
difference between a pine log and a pine
board our your home. Therefore,
homeowners must understand termites and
how they can be controlled. Subterranean
Termites The subterranean group
consists of two important types: the
native eastern subterranean termites and
the Formosan termite, are native to every
state except Alaska, causing more than
$750,000,000 of damage each year in the
United States. It's a fact that Termites
cause more damage than all fires, storms,
and earthquakes. Granted, the damage they
cause isn't as dramatic as a fire or
tornado. But eventually it can lead to
sagging floors, damaged carpets and trim,
damaged wallpaper and even threaten the
structural integrity of a structure.
Their presence is not readily noticed and
damage often is discovered before the
termites are seen. The homeowner can
practice prevention, but successful
control nearly always requires the
services of qualified pest control
operators. Subterranean Termites are
social insects that live in nests or
colonies in the soil. Termite colonies
can range from hundreds of thousands to
millions with colonies attacking more
than one structure. Three termite forms
or castes make up the colonies
repoductives, workers and soldiers.
Repoductives can be winged (primary) or
wingless (secondary). Each has the
capability to produce new offspring.
Primary reproductive, also called
swarmers or alates, vary in body color
from coal black to pale yellow-brown. The
wings are 1/4 to 3/8 inch long. Termite
workers are wingless, white to
grayish-white, 1/4 to 3/8 inch long and
make up the largest number of individuals
within a colony. Soldiers resemble
workers in color and general appearance.
However, they have large, ,
well-developed, b brownish heads with
strong mandibles or jaws. Soldiers defend
the colony against invaders, primarily
ants. When a colony is several years old
and relatively large, it may produce
another form of adult termite called a
"swarmer." Swarmers have four
wings, are often brown or black, and
range in size from approximately 3/8 to
1/4 inch. Swarmers are the colony's way
of sending out new kings and queens to
start colonies of their own. In the
spring, great numbers of swarmers can fly
from a single colony. Swarmers are the
most visible form of termite. Usually a
homeowner realizes termites are present
in or around the home when a swarm is
seen. Swarming termites can be confused
with many ants that swarm in the spring.
If you look closely, you can see that
swarming ants have elbowed antennae, a
narrow waist, and front wings that are
longer than the back wings. Swarming
termites have straight antennae, a thick
waist, and all the wings are the same
length. In a mature eastern subterranean
termite colony, there may be several
hundred thousand workers. A mature
Formosan colony may have millions of
workers. The sheer numbers of Formosan
termites usually make this type the most
destructive. As their name indicates,
subterranean termites usually live
underground, excavating passageways to
reach wood. Their passageways can be
quite complex, extending 10 feet
underground and over an acre in area. The
soil provides a source of moisture that
protects the termites from drying and
shields them from predators. The soil
also provides building materials for the
protective shelter tubes the termites use
to forage for wood above the ground.
However, if water and wood is available
from a source other than soil,
subterranean termites (especially the
Formosan variety) can establish a colony
with no ground contact. So, isolated,
aboveground infestations may occur in
buildings where termites have access to
water from condensation., leaking pipes,
roofs, or other sources. TOP
of Page
|
| Bees
and Wasps |
Bumblebees usually
nest in cavities below ground, like
rodent burrows or they can be found on or
above ground in trash piles, lumber
piles, old cars & bird houses, etc.
Nests are started in spring by single
fertilized females. Each builds a large
irregular cell of wax and pollen and
stocks it with pollen and nectar. Several
eggs are laid in the cell; the female
then enlarges it and supplies the young
with additional food. She speeds the
development of her eggs and young by
incubating them. They become workers when
mature and take over the tasks of pollen
and nectar collecting, feeding young, and
other nest duties. Honey and pollen may
be stored in vacated cells. Nests rarely
have more than a hundred workers at a
time. Only future queens survive the
winter by hibernating in the ground.
Bumblebees are important pollinators of
many flowers. Their
sting is very painful at the sting site,
and is followed by local swelling and
irritation. The intense pain doesn't last
long, and the swelling disappears after a
few hours. Itching and mild irritation
may persist for a day or two. You should
inform a physician if your reaction
includes unusual swelling or irritations,
or if these symptoms occur some distance
away from the sting site. Severe
reactions are rare but may include an
increased heart rate; rapid, shallow, or
labored breathing; or shock. Such
reactions are life-threatening and
require immediate medical treatment.
Persons allergic to bee and/or wasp venom
can buy sting kits by prescription at
most pharmacies.
HONEY BEES are also
beneficial and most of the time should be
left alone. Sometimes however they can
become a serious problem when they find
an opening to nest in such as, an opening
a wall of a structure, in eves and
soffits, in a chimney, or attic opening
etc... Afer finding the opening, they
will build a nest in a wall or some other
hidden area. The nest can survive year
round if well protected. The nests are
made of wax cells that may contain many
pounds of reserved honey. When alive,
they have a built in "air
conditioner". By fanning their wings
they keep the wax from melting. If they
are killed however, this wax will begin
to melt causing the reserved honey to
seep out. This may cause unsightly damage
and it will attract other insects. It is
advisable to contact a professional to
have the nest removed. colonies
have 20,000 to 80,000 individuals. They
are raised for honey and beeswax, and are
essential for pollination of crops. The
stinger has barbs, so that the stinger
and the poison sac remain in the skin.
Unlike wasps, honey bees can sting only
once. Most honey bee colonies are in
hives that are managed by beekeepers.
However, some colonies swarm in large
numbers and can be found outside. They
may become established in walls or eaves
of houses. The nests in walls can contain
a lot of honey. If bees are controlled or
removed, the nest and honey should also
be removed to prevent problems to the
house. TOP
of Page
CARPENTER BEES look
like Bumblebees except the Carpenter bee
has a (fuzzy) rear area of body with
yellowish hair and the Bumblebees have a
(shinny) rear area. Carpenter bee build
nests in wood, where the Bumblebee build
their nest in the ground. Carpenter Bees
will bore perfectly round and smooth
holes in wood which most often make a 90
degree turn, making long interior
tunnels, and with the grain of the wood
to develop their larvae. The entrance
hole is usually round, but the
"galleries" run with the grain
of the wood. Common sites they choose to
bore into include eaves, siding, window
sills, under decks and railings. They
prefer untreated wood or well-weathered
wood. Look for piles of sawdust under the
holes. You will often see them going in
and out. TOP
of Page
MUD DAUBER WASP--It
is a black wasp with a long, thin waist,
and is not a social wasp. It is not very
aggressive and does not stingpeople
often. However, its mud nests are often
built close to human activity. The mud
dauber constructs brood chambers from mud
on the sides of buildings and under
eaves. The wasp stings and paralyzes
spiders, lays an egg on them, and seals
them inside the chambers. The wasp larva
hatches and feeds on the spiders. An
emergence hole in the mud means that the
wasp has emerged from the chamber. TOP
of Page
PAPER WASP--It is
usually yellow with brown markings or
black with red or yellow markings. The
wasps are aggressive and readily sting.
People are usually stung while trimming
shrubbery or cleaning nests from eaves of
houses. Paper wasp nests are made of a
papery material that is shaped like an
inverted umbrella. It usually has a
single comb with up to 250 wasps. Nests
are often built under eaves or on
branches of shrubs. The eggs are laid in
a cell; the larvae hatch and are fed by
the wasps. They forage for caterpillars
and other small insects to feed the
larvae. TOP
of Page
YELLOW JACKET WASP--It
is about 12 mm long and has alternating
yellow and black markings on the abdomen.
The wasp is very aggressive in defending
itself or the nest. The stinger is not
barbed so the wasp can sting repeatedly.
The yellowjacket nest can be quite large
for some colonies. It is made of a papery
material. Inside, the new nest has layers
of combs to raise the brood. Some nests
are aerial, but most often, nests are
subterranean or both aerial and
subterranean. People are usually stung
when they step into or disturb a nest. TOP
of Page
|
| Silverfish
and Firebrats |
The silverfish
(Lepisma saccharina) and the fire brat
(Thermobia domestica) cause damage in
homes by eating foods and other materials
that are high in protein, sugar or
starch. They feed on cereals, moist
flour, any paper on which there is glue
or paste, sizing in paper including wall
paper and book bindings, starch in
clothing and rayon fabrics. Both
silverfish and fire brats are
slender-bodied, about 1/2 inch in length
and wingless. Their bodies are covered
with scales, shiny silver or pearl gray
for silverfish, and mottled gray for fire
brats. The immature insects look like the
adults but are smaller in size. Both have
two long antennae at the head end and
three long tail-like appendages at the
hind end. The appendages are almost as
long as the body. Silverfish and fire
brats are common in houses throughout the
United States. Silverfish live and
develop in damp, cool places, especially
basements. Large numbers can sometimes be
found in new buildings in which the walls
are still damp. The fire brat lives and
develops in hot, dark places such as
around furnaces, fireplaces and in
insulation around hot water or heat
pipes. Both are active at night and hide
during the day. In apartment houses these
insects follow pipelines from the
basement to the rooms on lower floors
where they find food. They may be found
in book cases, around closet shelves,
behind baseboards, and behind window and
door frames.
Silverfish and fire brats
develop slowly under usual household
conditions and produce few young. They
are able to live without food for several
months. The females lay eggs at any
season in secluded places such as behind
books or on closet shelves. Silverfish
lay eggs singly or only a few at a time,
but may deposit several batches over a
period of weeks. Fire brats deposit about
50 eggs at one time, and again, may lay
several batches. Eggs hatch in 2 weeks or
longer and the rate of growth of the
young depends on the temperature and
humidity in the building. Silverfish and
fire brats may reach maturity in 3 to 24
months. TOP
of Page
|
| Centipedes
and Millipedes |
Millipedes Warm,
wet weather always encourages the
activity of several moisture-loving
animals, including millipedes, or
"thousand-legged worms," and
their near relatives, the centipedes. At
times millipedes become so abundant, that
they may constitute a "millipede
invasion" entering homes and other
buildings. Millipedes are
cylindrical,segmented, worm-like
creatures, with two pairs of legs on each
body segment, except for the last three,
which have one pair. Over 1000 species
occur in the United States. They are
encouraged by wet conditions and the
overuse of mulches in flower and
vegetable gardens. TOP
of Page Centipedes
are related to millipedes and are also
worm-like in form, but they differ in
having flattened bodies and only one pair
of legs on each body segment. They also
possess a pair of poison claws or legs
just behind the head which are used to
paralyze their prey--usually insects or
other small animals. Most centipedes are
beneficial, but the large species found
in the tropics, which may reach a length
of up to 18 inches, can inflict painful
bites.
Life Cycle
Millipede eggs are deposited in masses in
the soil. Young millipedes have fewer
segments than the adult, but they add
segment at each molt of the outer shell,
or exoskeleton. Molting occurs 7-10 times
before maturity. Young millipedes mature
the second year after hatching. Some
species may live for several years.
Similarly, centipedes molt several times,
adding legs and body segments with each
molt.
Damage
Millipedes feed on organic matter,
including decayed plant material such as
leaves and wood, and occasionally, living
plant roots and rootlets, and developing
fruit such as melons (especially
cantaloupes) and cucumbers. Affected
plants may wilt and die and melons may
develop rots caused by bacteria or fungi
which are introduced by millipede
feeding. If millipedes are abundant in
mulches and litter in landscape plantings
around homes and other buildings, they
often enter through cracks and crevices.
Once inside, they usually die unless
basements are very moist. Entry into
structures is most common after heavy
spring rains saturate the soil and drive
millipedes to higher ground and in the
fall, when they seek hibernation sites.
Centipedes can be found outdoors, often
under stones, boards or in wood piles.
They also live under leaf litter and
other organic matter. Occasionally these
outdoor species invade homes and
buildings where they are a nuisance, but
are not destructive.
Prevention and
Control To prevent millipede
problems, simply reduce mulch thickness,
reduce watering schedules or pull mulch
away from plants and allow them to dry,
reducing millipede feeding and
reproduction. To prevent millipedes from
entering homes, be sure that screens are
tight, that moisture-holding debris in
window wells is eliminated, and that
mulches around ornamental plantings are
at least 6-8 inches away from the
foundation. Homeowners who need to
control centipedes should first get the
pest identified to see if it is an
invader from outdoors or an indoor
species associated with an insect
infestation. The continued presence of
the house centipede, a long-legged,
fast-moving species, may indicate a
household insect problem, since these are
their principal food. If centipedes are
common indoors, look for insects such as
cockroaches, attic flies, boxelder bugs,
elm leaf beetles and others. Controlling
these insects may be the key to
eliminating the centipedes. Removing
mulch adjacent to the foundation or
occasionally allowing it to dry out
should also reduce centipede and
millipede activity. Indoors, these pests
may be controlled with natural or
synthetic insecticide aerosols such as
pyrethrins, available under many brand
names. TOP
of Page
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| Cook's
Termite and Pest Control, Inc. © 2002 All rights
reserved. |
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